Archaeology

Christian, Viktor

acolono — Thu, 03 Sep 2020 14:38:16 +0000

Christian, Viktor Leonhard Weidinger Tue, 02/09/2021 - 18:30

Viktor Christian

30 March 1885 Vienna– 28 May 1963 Walchsee

In 1922 Viktor Christian obtained his habilitation in the Philosophy Faculty of the University of Vienna with a thesis "Semitic with special account of cuneiform writing". He was made an extraordinary professor in 1924 and six years later an ordinary professor of old Semitic philology and Near Eastern archaeology. He was a member of the "Bärenhöhle" (bears' cave), an antisemitic network of professors that sought to prevent the appointment and habilitation of Jewish and/or left-wing academics at the University of Vienna. He applied to join the NSDAP in 1933 but was not given a membership number. After being dismissed from the university for his National Socialist activity in 1934, he was reappointed in 1936 under the July agreement. In May 1938 he once again applied for membership of the NSDAP and was given the membership number 6127801. In November he also joined the SS (1943 SS‑Sturmbannführer).

After the annexation, he became head of the Department of Near Eastern Studies of the University of Vienna and member of the Academy of Sciences. He was temporary dean of the Philosophy Faculty before being confirmed in this position in April 1939. In 1938 he was also interim head of the Ethnology and Anthropology Institutes of the University of Vienna. To obtain "Jewish skeleton material" for anthropological research, in 1941 he directed the exhumation of Jewish graves at Währing cemetery. Thanks to his connections with National Socialist circles, he also became head of the SS-Ahnenerbe teaching and research centre for Near Eastern studies. From June 1943 until 1945 he was also head of the Vienna section of the National Socialist Altherrenbund (League of Alumni). He reached the highpoint of his career shortly before the end of the war, when in April 1945, after two years as pro‑rector, he became rector of the University of Vienna, albeit only for a few days. From mid-May 1945 to July 1947, he was interned in various camps and in June 1945 was dismissed by the Staatsamt für Volksaufklärung, für Unterricht und Erziehung (State Department for Public Enlightenment, Schools and Education) because of his membership of the NSDAP. The dismissal was transformed into retirement with a pension as a result of the 1950 amnesty legislation. Following a festschrift in honour of his seventieth birthday in 1955, he was awarded the Goldenes Doktordiplom (Golden Doctoral Diploma) of the University of Vienna in 1960.

During the Nazi era, Viktor Christian repeatedly endeavoured to obtain books expropriated from their Jewish owners for the Department of Near Eastern Studies. He was successful in the case of the SS‑Ahnenerbe but not so in other cases. He attempted to acquire the library of the Albanologist Norbert Jokl (1877–1942) for the University of Vienna but had to give way to the director general of the National Library Paul Heigl (1887–1945). Altogether, the Department of Near Eastern Studies acquired over 8,000 publications on permanent loan from the Ahnenerbe from the Jewish communities in Burgenland (Kittsee, St. Peter, Frauenkirchen and Lackenbach), from the private collections of Samuel Krauss (1866–1949) and Ludwig Feuchtwanger (1865–1947) and from the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) and the Völkerkundemuseum (Museum of Ethnology) in Vienna, which had been expropriated by the Nazis. After the war most of them were given to the IKG Wien (Vienna Jewish Community) and subsequently sent to Israel.

Keywords

6 January 2019

Publications about the person / institution

Adolf Grohmann, Viktor Christian †, in: Almanach der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 114, 1964, 421–436.

Christina Köstner-Pemsel/Markus Stumpf, "Machen Sie es ordentlich, damit man nachher, wenn wir die Bücher ihren Besitzern zurückgeben, nicht sagt, es hätten Schweine in der Hand gehabt." Die Orientalistik – Ergebnisse der Provenienzforschung an der Universitätsbibliothek Wien, in: VÖB (= Mitteilungen der Vereinigung österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare) 65 (2012) 1, 39–78, URL: fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/objects/o:107200/methods/bdef:Content/download (3.12.2020).

Katharina Kniefacz, Viktor Christian, Prof. Dr., in: 650 Plus - Geschichte der Universität Wien, URL: geschichte.univie.ac.at/de/personen/viktor-christian-prof-dr (3.12.2020).

Irene Maria Leitner, "Bis an die Grenzen des Möglichen": Der Dekan Viktor Christian und seine Handlungsspielräume an der Philosophischen Fakultät 1938–1943, in: Mitchell G. Ash/Wolfram Nieß/Ramon Pils (Hg.), Geisteswissenschaften im Nationalsozialismus. Das Beispiel der Universität Wien, Göttingen 2010, 49–77.

Kurt Schubert (Hg.), Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Viktor Christian (Vorderasiatische Studien), Wien 1956.

Gerd Simon, Tödlicher Bücherwahn. Der letzte Universitätsrektor im 3. Reich und der Tod seines Kollegen Norbert Jokl, s.l., s.a., URL: homepages.uni-tuebingen.de//gerd.simon/buecherwahn.pdf (3.12.2020).

Gerd Simon [u. a.], Chronologie Viktor Christian, Tübingen 2006, URL: homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/gerd.simon/ChrChristian.pdf (3.12.2020).

Markus Stumpf, Ergebnisse der Provenienzforschung an der Fachbereichsbibliothek Judaistik der Universität Wien, in: Bruno Bauer/Christina Köstner-Pemsel/Markus Stumpf (Hg.), NS-Provenienzforschung an österreichischen Bibliotheken. Anspruch und Wirklichkeit (= Schriften der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare 10), Graz-Feldkirch 2011, 155–188, URL: fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/objects/o:290050/methods/bdef:Content/download (3.12.2020).

Josef Wastl, Viktor Christian und die Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien. In: Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 93-94 (1964), 9–11.

Mechthild Yvon, Der jüdische Albanologe Nobert Jokl und seine Bibliothek. Spielball zwischen Begehrlichkeit und akademischer Solidarität?, in: Murray G. Hall/Christina Köstner/Margot Werner (Hg.), Geraubte Bücher. Die Österreichische Nationalbibliothek stellt sich ihrer NS-Vergangenheit, Wien 2004, 104–117.

Publications by the person / institution

Viktor Christian, Die Namen der assyrisch-babylonischen Keilschriftzeichen (= Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 18,1), Leipzig 1913.
Viktor Christian, Akkader und Südaraber als ältere Semitenschichte, in: Anthropos 14/15.1919/20, [729]–739.
Viktor Christian, Altertumskunde des Zweistromlandes. Von der Vorzeit bis zum Ende der Achämenidenherrschaft. Leipzig 1940.
Viktor Christian, Die Stellung des Mehri innerhalb der semitischen Sprachen (= Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 222,3) Brünn/Wien [u.a.] 1944.
Viktor Christian, Untersuchungen zur Laut- und Formenlehre des Hebräischen (= Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 228,2), Wien 1953.
Viktor Christian, Beiträge zur sumerischen Grammatik (= Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 231,2), Wien 1957.
Viktor Christian, Die Herkunft der Sumerer (= Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 236,1), Graz-Wien [u.a.] 1961.

Archives

BArch Berlin, SS-Ahnenerbe, G0115.
BArch Berlin, Reichserziehungsministerium (REM), PA Viktor Christian.

OeStA/AdR, UWK, 02/K4, Der Kurator für die wissenschaftlichen Hochschulen in Wien, Zl. 1328.
OeStA/AdR, UWK, BMU, Personalakten, PA Viktor Christian.

UAW, Institut für Orientalistik.
UAW, PA Viktor Christian.

GND: 116509171

VIAF: 30289653

Wikidata: Q4501432

Eichler, Fritz (Friedrich)

acolono — Thu, 03 Sep 2020 14:38:14 +0000

Eichler, Fritz (Friedrich)

Leonhard Weidinger Tue, 02/09/2021 - 21:53

Fritz Eichler

12 October 1887 Graz – 16 January 1971 Vienna

Fritz Eichler, who had a doctorate in archaeology from the University of Graz, began his career in 1913 as an unpaid assistant at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. In subsequent years he undertook short study trips to Germany, France, Italy, the Balkan states and Turkey. He was also promoted to become an assistant and auxiliary curator and then curator II and I, in 1933 head of the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities and in 1935 its director. He remained in this position throughout the Austrofascist and Nazi regimes until his retirement in 1952. Eichler was not a member of the NSDAP but he was not an opponent of the regime. On the occasion of a promotion, the Vienna Gau headquarters described him in 1941 as "nationalist, antisemitic and anti-clerical". Along with the archaeologist Rudolf Noll, he took part in the compulsory air raid drills in the museum. After Noll's conscription into the Wehrmacht, he was promoted from deputy to chief air raid warden and in this function kept a record from August 1942 to April 1945. With a view to his succession as director of the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Eichler managed successfully to have Noll reinstated after he had been dismissed on account of his NSDAP membership. In 1951 and 1952, Eichler was also administrative director in the Kunsthistorisches Museum. Apart from his museum career, he lectured at the University of Vienna, was awarded an extraordinary professorship in 1937 and in 1953 became Ordinarius for Classical Archaeology. In 1959 he was granted an honorary year at the university on the occasion of his retirement. In 1962, at the age of seventy-four, he became director of the Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut (Austrian Archaeological Institute) and held this position until 1969. In 1966, he was awarded the Silbernes Ehrenzeichen der Republik Österreich (Silver Medal of Honour of the Republic of Austria) and in 1967 the Goldene Ehrenmedaille der Stadt Wien (Gold Medal of Honour of the City of Vienna).

Keywords

16 January 2019

Publications about the person / institution

Felix Czeike, Historisches Lexikon Wien, 2, Wien 1993.

Felix Czeike u. a., Fritz Eichler, in: Wien Geschichte Wiki, URL: www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Fritz_Eichler (3.12.2020).

Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, hg. v. Walter Killy, 3, 1996.

Rudolf Noll, Fritz Eichler. Nachruf. Sonderabdruck aus dem Almanach der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 121 (1971), Wien 1972.

Publications by the person / institution

Fritz Eichler, Zwei Athletenstatuen (= Meisterwerke in Wien 3), Wien 1922.
Fritz Eichler, Führer durch die Antikensammlung (= Führer durch die kunsthistorischen Sammlungen 2), Wien 1926.
Fritz Eichler, Die Reliefs des Heroon von Gjölbaschi-Trysa (= Kunstdenkmäler 8), Wien 1950.
Fritz Eichler, Die rotfigurigen attischen Trinkgefäße und Pyxiden (= Corpus vasorum antiquorum I), Wien 1951.

Die Kameen im Kunsthistorischen Museum, bearbeitet von Fritz Eichler und Ernst Kris, Wien 1927.

Fritz Eichler, Alfred Bernhard-Walcher, Rotfigurige attische Vorratsgefäße (= Corpus vasorum antiquorum II), Wien 1959.

Archives

KHM-Achiv, IV 29, NL Fritz Eichler; III 2291, Selbst-Biografie; 223/KL/1941 (Ernennung zum Direktor); 76/ED/1943 (Einweisung); 9/ED/1944 (UK-Stellung); 9/ED/1945 (UK-Stellung)
KHM-Archiv, III 1212, PA Rudolf Noll.

OeStA/AdR, UWK, BMU, Personalakten, K. 03/30, Fritz Eichler.
OeStA/AdR, UWK, BMU, Personalakten, K. 12/10, Fritz Eichler.
OeStA/AdR, ZNsZ, Gauakt 233.409, Fritz Eichler.

WStLA, Historische Wiener Meldeunterlagen, Meldeauskunft Fritz Eichler.

GND: 130144681

VIAF: 7548148269785905230006

Wikidata: Q89217

Ernst, Richard

acolono — Thu, 03 Sep 2020 14:40:18 +0000

Ernst, Richard

Leonhard Weidinger Thu, 10/08/2020 - 14:16

Richard Ernst

1 February 1885 Eger / Cheb, Bohemia – 7 July 1955 Vienna

Johann Nikolaus Richard Ernst, son of a businessman, went to school and university in Prague and obtained a doctorate in art history and classical archaeology in 1909. After working for a short time as a research assistant at the University of Prague Institute of Art History, he joined the k. k. Österreichische Museum für Kunst und Industrie (Imperial Royal Austrian Museum of Art and Industry) as an assistant curator and department head on 29 November 1911 and was responsible initially for metalwork. He served in the Austro-Hungarian army from 1915 to 1918. In the following years he took over the Court Silver and Table Room, the Glass and Ceramics Collection and the Carpet and Textiles Collection and in 1923 wrote the first guide to the Court Silver and Table Room and in 1925 a monograph on the Bloch-Bauer collection of Viennese neoclassicist porcelain. In 1928 he was appointed deputy director. From 1931 he was temporary director of the museum while director August Schestag was on sick leave and was officially appointed director on 5 August 1932. From February 1936 he was also an expert for old applied art in the Dorotheum but withdrew in January 1938 on account of differences of opinion with the auction house management. Parallel to the World's Fair in 1937, Austria was represented at an exhibition in the Musée du Jeu de Paume in Paris, at which Ernst curated the Austrian applied arts section, with loans from the porcelain collections of Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, Anton Redlich and Franz Ruhmann. While the works of Oskar Kokoschka were being disavowed at the 1937 Nazi propaganda exhibition of "degenerate" art in Munich, Ernst made the Austrian Museum available in the same year for an exhibition commemorating the artist's fiftieth birthday. After the annexation, Ernst was accused of being politically unreliable for that reason, but his position as director of the Staatliches Kunstgewerbemuseum in Wien (State Arts and Crafts Museum in Vienna) as it was called from May 1938 was not really in jeopardy. He was well established in Vienna and internationally and had been praised by Robert Schmidt, director of the Schlossmuseum in Berlin, and Adolf Feulner, director general of the Arts and Crafts Museums in Cologne. Until 1945, Ernst worked on behalf of the Nazi regime to enlarge the collection of the Kunstgewerbemuseum through the addition of many objects from expropriated or forcibly sold collections, making use of his knowledge of private collections in Vienna. At the same time, for example, he supported Hans Ankwicz-Kleehoven, head of museum library, who had been forced to retire for "racial" reasons, by giving him access to an office. From February 1940, Ernst was also temporary director for two years of the Sculpture and Applied Arts Collection, now the Kunstkammer, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, during which time he organized an exchange of applied art and antique objects planned since the 1920s between the Kunsthistorisches Museum and the Staatliches Kunstgewerbemuseum. He even managed to obtain special funding of 250,000 Reichsmarks in foreign exchange for purchases from the museums in Italy. On two trips to Florence, Pisa, Rome and Bologna in spring and autumn 1942 he acquired sixteen pieces of Renaissance furniture. Reports issued immediately after the war that Ernst had also been in France on behalf of Reichsleiter Rosenberg and in the Netherlands for Mühlmann's department have not been verified to date. He claimed that, together with museum staff and a resistance group, he prevented the storage of arms and explosives in the museum at the end of March/start of April 1945 and the blowing up of the Stubenbrücke on 7 April 1945.

Ernst remained director in the re-established Republic of Austria. In the course of investigations by the Austrian state police in 1946, Ernst denied being a member of the NSDAP. On the contrary, he had been enrolled "unasked" in 1943 into the Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten (Reich Federation of German Civil Servants) and his opposition to the NSDAP before and after 1938 was well known. Immediately after the end of the fighting in Vienna on 16 April 1945, Ernst inaugurated the repair of bomb-damaged museum, which was not completed until the early 1950s. Between 1945 and 1948, he also had the important tasks of recovering and restituting objects that had been stored to protect them from air raids. The lists drawn up from 1946 to 1948 in accordance with the Vermögensentziehungs-Anmeldungsverordnung (Property Expropriation Registration Regulation) and on behalf of the Allied Council included practically all objects that the museum had acquired during the Nazi era from expropriated collections. Ernst not only supported collectors known personally to him in the restitution of expropriated objects acquired by the Kunstgewerbemuseum but also helped to locate further items. In other cases, however, he followed the practice of the time of returning objects but disallowing their export and safeguarding them in this way for Austrian museums. On 31 March 1949, Ernst officially opened the Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst (Austrian Museum of Applied Arts) as it was called after 1947. In 1950 an exhibition of major art from Austrian monasteries was the last one under his direction. He retired on 31 December 1950.

Keywords

29 May 2019

Publications about the person / institution

Rainald Franz/Leonhard Weidinger, Die Direktion Richard Ernst. Vom Österreichischen Museum für Kunst und Industrie zum Österreichischen Museum für angewandte Kunst, in: Gabriele Anderl/Christoph Bazil/Eva Blimlinger/Oliver Kühschelm/Monika Mayer/Anita Stelzl-Gallian/Leonhard Weidinger (Hg.), … wesentlich mehr Fälle als angenommen. 10 Jahre Kommission für Provenienzforschung (= Schriftenreihe der Kommission für Provenienzforschung 1), Wien-Köln-Weimar 2009, 412–430, URL: doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205118862.412.

Publications by the person / institution

Richard Ernst, Führer durch die ehemalige Hoftafel- und Silberkammer, Zürich-Leipzig-Wien 1923.
Richard Ernst, Wiener Porzellan des Klassizismus. Die Sammlung Bloch-Bauer, Wien 1925.

Richard Ernst/Ernst Garger, Die früh- und hochgotische Plastik des Stefansdoms. Tafelband, München 1927.

Archives

MAK-Archiv, Akten 1932–1950.
MAK-Archiv, NL Richard Ernst.

MAK-Personalakten, PA Ernst, Richard.

OeStA/AdR, UWK, BMU, Personalakten Sign 3, Ernst, Richard.
OeStA/AdR, ZNsZ, GA 935, Ernst, Richard.

GND: 116557761

VIAF: 25356895

Wikidata: Q94848390

Frodl, Walter

acolono — Thu, 03 Sep 2020 14:39:36 +0000

Frodl, Walter

Leonhard Weidinger Tue, 03/09/2021 - 20:05

Walter Frodl

16 December 1908 Straßburg / Strasbourg, Alsace – 10 April 1994 Vienna

Walter Frodl obtained his doctorate in art history and archaeology in July 1930 from the University of Graz and worked thereafter as an unpaid assistant in the Kärntner Landesdenkmalamt (Carinthian Provincial Monuments Authority). After studying architecture for a few semesters at the Technische Hochschule (Technical College) in Graz, he was employed in the Klagenfurt branch of the Österreichisches Verkehrsbüro. He joined the NSDAP in May 1933. He continued his work as a research assistant in the field of monument preservation in December 1936 and in April 1937 was assigned to the Landeskonservatorat (provincial monument preservation authority) in Klagenfurt as a non-permanent public officer of the Zentralstelle für Denkmalschutz (Central Monument Protection Authority) and became its director a year later. Because of the large number of applications for export and the associated examination of art and cultural assets, not least as a consequence of the persecution of Jews by the Nazis, he was seconded in July 1938 to the export department of the Central Authority in Vienna and for a time also shared responsibility for the Landeskonservatorat in Salzburg. Two years later he was employed by the Kulturkommission (Culture Commission) in South Tyrol on behalf of the SS research institute Deutsches Ahnenerbe e. V., where he was responsible for registering German cultural assets. From winter 1941 he was a monument preservation consultant for Fritz Todt, Generalinspektor für das deutsche Straßenwesen (Inspector General for German Highways), during the construction of the Reich autobahns. After the restructuring and renaming in 1940 of the Central Monument Protection Authority within the Ministerium für innere und kulturelle Angelegenheiten (Ministry of Internal and Cultural Affairs) as Institut für Denkmalpflege (Institute for Monument Preservation) within the Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung (Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture) in Berlin, the Gau monument protection authorities were incorporated in the respective Reichsstatthalterei (Reich governor's office). Frodl worked at the same time as Gau conservation officer for Carinthia. In February 1942 Friedrich Rainer, Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter in Carinthia, appointed him director of the Gau museum in Klagenfurt and a public officer with tenure. At the end of 1942 he obtained his habilitation and became a lecturer in art history and monument preservation at the University of Graz and lecturer in monument preservation at the Technische Hochschule in the same city. From September 1943 until the end of the war he was responsible for monument protection in the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral.

In 1946 the Carinthian provincial government dismissed Frodl from the public service as an "illegal" under § 14 of the Prohibition Act but revoked the dismissal retroactively in June 1947 but nonetheless removed Frodl from the service of the Carinthian provincial government. According to a certificate from the Klagenfurt city council of 25 July 1947, Frodl was classified as a minor offender. At the same time his habilitation was also revoked. He was supported, however, by Otto Demus in his application for re‑employment by the monuments authority. He worked initially as a contract employee in the restitution department of the Bundesdenkmalamt (Federal Monuments Authority) until he became Landeskonservator (provincial monument protection officer) in Styria in autumn 1948. In that year his habilitation was recognized again and he became a lecturer in monument protection again at the Technische Hochschule in Graz. He was allowed to teach at the University of Graz a year later. In 1952 he became head of the Institut für Österreichische Kunstforschung (Institute for Austrian Art Research) in the Federal Monuments Authority. In the same year he was appointed Staatskonservator 2nd class and two years later Staatskonservator 1st class. In 1956 he was authorized to teach at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna and was named an extraordinary professor in 1958. In subsequent years he continued his academic career in art history, monument protection and building documentation at various foreign universities. Apart from his functions on the advisory board for urban planning in Vienna and as a member of the examination board for higher civil servants (Höherer Technischer Dienst), he was also president of the Federal Monuments Authority from 1965 to 1970. In October 1970 he was awarded the Großes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich (Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria).

Keywords

Archaeology

Monument preservation

Art history

NSDAP membership

University professor

Anneliese Schallmeiner

6 January 2019

Publications about the person / institution

Ernst Bacher, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Walter Frodl 80 Jahre, in: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Kunst und Denkmalpflege 42 (1988), 195–200.

Publications by the person / institution

Walter Frodl, Fresken des Heiligen Riesen Christophorus in Kärnten, Dissertation Universität Graz 1930.
Walter Frodl, Kärntner Denkmalpflege im Jahre 1938, in: Carinthia I. Geschichtliche Beiträge zur Heimatkunde Kärntens. Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten 129 (1939) 1, 202–208, URL: anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ca1&datum=1939&page=211 (3.12.2020).
Walter Frodl, Zur Unterschutzstellung denkmalwürdiger Gebäude in Kärnten, in: Carinthia I. Geschichtliche Beiträge zur Heimatkunde Kärntens. Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten 129 (1939) 2, 297–305, URL: anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ca1&datum=1939&page=308 (3.12.2020).
Walter Frodl, Meister Thomas von Villach, in: Carinthia I. Geschichtliche Beiträge zur Heimatkunde Kärntens. Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten 130 (1940) 1/2, 354–379, URL: anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ca1&datum=1940&page=360 (3.12.2020).
Walter Frodl, Die Wandgemälde zu St. Gandolf im Glantal, in: Carinthia I. Geschichtliche Beiträge zur Heimatkunde Kärntens. Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten 131 (1941) 2, 471–473, URL: hanno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ca1&datum=1941&page=485 (3.12.2020).
Walter Frodl, Die Kärntner Denkmal- und Museumspflege in den Jahren 1940 bis 1942, in: Carinthia I. Geschichtliche Beiträge zur Heimatkunde Kärntens. Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten 132 (1942) 1–2, 262–334, URL: anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ca1&datum=1942&page=264 (3.12.2020).
Walter Frodl, Die romanische Wandmalerei in Kärnten, Klagenfurt 1942.
Walter Frodl, Neue Werke Josef Ferdinand Fromillers, in: Carinthia I. Geschichtliche Beiträge zur Heimatkunde Kärntens. Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten 133 (1943) 1–3, 82–95, URL: anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ca1&datum=1943&page=88 (3.12.2020).
Walter Frodl, Ein neues Werk des Malers Simon von Taisten, in: Carinthia I. Geschichtliche Beiträge zur Heimatkunde Kärntens. Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten 133 (1943) 1–3, 126–134, URL: anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ca1&datum=1943&page=144 (3.12.2020).
Walter Frodl, Die gotische Wandmalerei in Kärnten, Klagenfurt 1944.
Walter Frodl, Die romanische Wandmalerei in Kärnten, Klagenfurt 1944.
Walter Frodl, Die romanischen Wandgemälde in Pürgg nach der Entrestaurierung, in: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Kunst und Denkmalpflege (ÖZKD) (1948) 2, 148.
Walter Frodl, Glasmalerei in Kärnten, 1150–1500, Klagenfurt-Wien 1950.
Walter Frodl, Kärntner Kunststätten, Klagenfurt-Wien 1955.
Walter Frodl, Kunst in Südtirol, München 1960.
Walter Frodl, Denkmalbegriffe, Denkmalwerte und ihre Auswirkung auf die Restaurierung, Wien 1963.
Walter Frodl, Idee und Verwirklichung: das Werden der staatlichen Denkmalpflege in Österreich, Wien 1988.

Franz Fuhrmann/Walter Frodl (Hg.), Salzburger Kunststätten, Klagenfurt-Wien 1956.

Archives

BDA-Archiv, PA Walter Frodl; NL Walter Frodl, K. 7.

OeStA/AdR, UWK, BMU Personalakten, Sign. 19/23, Walter Frodl.
OeStA/AdR, UWK, BMU Personalakten, Sign. 3/38, Walter Frodl.

GND: 118536273

VIAF: 42629291

Wikidata: Q15241018

Noll, Rudolf

acolono — Thu, 03 Sep 2020 14:40:21 +0000

Noll, Rudolf

Leonhard Weidinger Sat, 03/27/2021 - 10:21

Rudolf Noll

17 April 1906 Gänserndorf – 27 April 1990 Vienna

Rudolf Noll studied classical archaeology and philosophy at the University of Vienna and submitted a dissertation in December 1929 on the beginnings of caricature in Greek vase paintings. He was a member of the Akademische Legion and the German nationalist faction of the Viennese student body. After his doctorate in 1930, he worked for some months as a librarian in the Archaeological-Epigraphic Seminar of the University of Vienna and then worked as an unpaid intern in the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM) in Vienna. In 1932 he managed the archaeological holdings of the Ferdinandeum in Innsbruck and in 1933 inventoried stone sculptures in the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities, before becoming a permanent employee at the KHM. In 1935 he joined the Vaterländische Front (Fatherland Front) as research department head "so as to keep out a genuine 'Vaterländer'", as he wrote in his application for NSDAP membership in 1938. Shortly after the annexation of Austria to the German Reich he was appointed "Betriebszellenleiter" (factory cell head) by the Vienna Gau head office and was responsible for regular roll calls and gymnastic exercises in the museum and the political surveillance of employees. From August 1938 he assumed the role as "Vertrauensmann" (representative) for the Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten (Reich Association of German Civil Servants). In the run-up to the plebiscite about the annexation, he organized a propaganda event "Zum 10. April 1938" on 26 March 1938 in Hall VII of the Picture Gallery. In May 1938 he attended an air raid warden course in Berlin and became the KHM air raid warden. As Noll stated in June 1938 that he had already been a member of the Kampfopferring from 1932 until the NSDAP was made illegal but had burned his membership card during a house search, he was given the backdated NSDAP membership number 6,127.590 with entry on 1 May 1938. Together with the numismatist and Party comrade Fritz Manns he took part in 1939 in the excavations of the Roman remains at Carnuntum/Petronell in Lower Austria and in the same year undertook study trips to Berlin, Frankfurt am Main and Bad Homburg. Although as air raid warden he was deemed indispensable in autumn 1939, he had this classification revised the following year and joined an anti-aircraft defence unit in the Wehrmacht in December 1940. In 1941 he was promoted to curator with tenure at KHM.

From 1945 until early 1947 he was a prisoner of war in Yugoslavia. As a former NSDAP member he was suspended from the museum in July 1945 and left the KHM in 1947 after his return to Vienna "because of the absence of vacant positions". Although applying a few weeks later to be readmitted to the civil service on the grounds that he had never misused his NSDAP membership, benefitted personally from it or illegally enriched himself, his readmission was initially refused. For a time, Noll lived with his family from his Kriegsversehrtenrente (war invalid pension), and then worked from 1948 to 1952 as an usher in a cinema, before returning at the end of 1952 as a contract employee in the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the KHM following the retirement of director Fritz Eichler. In 1955 he was appointed an ordinary member of the Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut (Austrian Archaeological Institute) and curator 2nd class. After the suspension of Rudolf Sunkowsky, Eichler's successor as head of the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the KHM, for making and selling fakes, Noll effectively took over his function in 1956 and was promoted to curator 1st class in 1957, then head in 1958 and finally director of the Collection in 1963. In the same year the Philosophy Faculty of the University of Vienna offered him a lectureship in classical archaeology, specializing in Roman provincial archaeology, and the title of honorary professor. In 1961 Noll became an ordinary member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (German Archaeological Institute), in 1966 a corresponding member and in 1970 regular member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He retired at the end of 1971, but continued to lecture at the University of Vienna until 1980. He was awarded the Kulturpreis des Landes Niederösterreich (Culture Prize of the Province of Lower Austria) in 1980 and the Wilhelm Hartel Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1982.

Keywords

29 May 2019

Publications about the person / institution

Herbert Haupt, Jahre der Gefährdung. Das Kunsthistorische Museum 1938–1945, Wien 1995.
Herbert Haupt, Getroffen, doch nicht vernichtet. Das Kunsthistorische Museum im Kriegjahr 1945. Eine Chronologie der Ereignisse in Bildern, Wien 2005.

Literaturarchiv der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Rudolf Noll, in: Verzeichnis der künstlerischen, wissenschaftlichen und kulturpolitischen Nachlässe in Österreich, URL: data.onb.ac.at/nlv_lex/perslex/NO/Noll_Rudolf.htm (3.12.2020).

N. N., Rudolf Noll, in: Wien Geschichte Wiki, URL: www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Rudolf_Noll (3.12.2020).

Susanne Hehenberger/Monika Löscher, Akteurinnen und Akteure im Kunsthistorischen Museum Wien. Personelle Kontinuitäten und Brüche 1933/34 – 1938 – 1945, in: Tanja Baensch/Kristina Kratz-Kessemeier/Dorothee Wimmer (Hg.), Museen im Nationalsozialismus: Akteure – Orte – Politik, Köln-Weimar-Wien 2016, 129–146.

Publications by the person / institution

Rudolf Noll, Führer durch die Sonderausstellung Der Grosse Dolichenusfund von Mauer a. d. Url, Wien 1938.
Rudolf Noll, Eugippius, Das Leben des hl. Severin, Lateinisch und Deutsch. Übersetzung, Kommentar, Einleitung und Anhang: Denkmäler des frühen Christentums in Österreich, Linz 1947.
Rudolf Noll, Die Kunst der Römerzeit in Österreich, Salzburg 1949.
Rudolf Noll, Frühes Christentum in Österreich. Von den Anfängen bis um 600 n. Chr., Wien 1954.
Rudolf Noll, Vom Altertum zum Mittelalter. Spätantike, altchristliche, völkerwanderungszeitliche und frümittelalterliche Denkmäler der Antikensammlung, Wien 1958.
Rudolf Noll, Römische Siedlungen und Straßen im Limesgebiet zwischen Inn und Enns (Oberösterreich), Wien 1958.
Rudolf Noll, Griechische und lateinische Inschriften der Wiener Antikensammlung. Ein Verzeichnis, Wien 1962.
Rudolf Noll, Neues zu altbekannten Kunstwerken der Wiener Antikensammlung, Wien 1970.
Rudolf Noll, Das Heroon von Gölbaşi-Trysa. Ein fürstlicher Grabbezirk griechischer Zeit in Kleinasien, Wien 1971.

Archives

AÖAW, PA Rudolf Noll; NL Rudolf Noll, K. 5, M. 3, Schriftenverzeichnis, Lebenslauf.

KHM-Archiv, III 1212, PA Rudolf Noll; III 2130, Parte Rudolf Noll; III 1755, PA Rudolf Sunkowsy; Direktionsakten, 19/KL/1938, 20/KL/1938, 21/KL/1938.

OeStA/AdR, UWK, BMU, Personalakten, K. 03/117, Rudolf Noll.
OeStA/AdR, ZNsZ, Gauakt 12532, Rudolf Noll.

UAW, PH RA 10436, Rigorosenakt Rudolf Noll, 6.12.1929, Promotion: 30.5.1930.

WStLA, Historische Wiener Meldeunterlagen, Meldezettel Rudolf Noll, URL: www.wien.gv.at/actaproweb2/benutzung/archive.xhtml?id=Akt+++++93660314-c5b4-4f1d-9a1a-8144b8c955f8VERA#Akt_____93660314-c5b4-4f1d-9a1a-8144b8c955f8VERA (3.12.2020).

GND: 119491869

VIAF: 115556379

Wikidata: Q55843281